Prefumo F, Risso D, Venturini PL, De Biasio P. Fetal venous and arterial flow velocity wave forms between eight and twenty weeks of gestation. Van Splunder P, Huisman TW, DeRidder MA, Wladimiroff JW. Ultrasound biosafety considerations for the practicing sonographer and sonologist. Nelson TR, Fowlkes JB, Abramowicz JS, Church CC. Doppler ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology. Ductus venosus Doppler for fetal surveillance in high-risk pregnancies. Ultrasonographic velocimetry of the fetal ductus venosus. Kiserud T, Eik-Nes SH, Blaas H-G, Hellevik LR. Fetal growth restriction is associated with prioritization of umbilical blood flow to the left hepatic lobe at the expense of the right lobe. Kessler J, Rasmussen S, Godfrey K, Hanson M, Kiserud T. The anatomy of the umbilical, portal and hepatic venous system in the human fetus at 14-19 weeks of gestation. Mavrides E, Moscoso G, Carvalho JS, Campbell S, Thilaganathan B. Fetal Doppler echocardiography: methods and characterization of normal and abnormal hemodynamics. Evidence-based approach to umbilical artery Doppler fetal surveillance in high-risk pregnancies: an update. Hemodynamic interpretation of the arterial Doppler waveform. Doppler evaluation of fetal hemodynamics. Maulik D, Saini VD, Nanda NC, Rosenzweig MS. Fetal blood velocity waveforms in normal pregnancy. Stuart B, Drumm J, FitzGerald DE, Duignan NM. Finally, color Doppler imaging of the placental implantation site in early pregnancy assists in the early recognition of placenta accreta spectrum. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler identifies pregnancies at a higher risk of developing preeclampsia and other adverse outcomes. Similarly, the Doppler demonstration of fetal tricuspid regurgitation enhances the predictive accuracy of early pregnancy aneuploidy screening and is associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects. The absence or reversal of the a-wave in the ductus venosus Doppler waveform is associated with a higher risk of aneuploidy and congenital heart defects. Doppler assessment of fetal and uterine circulation in the first trimester improves the risk assessment for the presence or future development of several obstetrical complications.
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